What Is Sloth Fever? Understanding the Oropouche Virus as It Spreads to the United States

The (CDC) has issued a warning about a potentially deadly virus known as “sloth fever,” officially called the Oropouche virus, which has recently been reported in the United States.

Originating from South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, this virus is typically spread through the bites of infected midges—tiny, biting insects—though mosquitoes can also transmit the disease.

What Is the Oropouche Virus?

The Oropouche virus, colloquially referred to as “sloth fever,” was first identified in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955.

It is endemic in parts of South America, particularly the Amazon basin, and has a known reservoir in pale-throated sloths, non-human primates, and birds.

Despite its nickname, the virus is not spread through direct contact with sloths but through insect bites, as explained by Carolina Goncalves, superintendent pharmacist at Pharmica.

“The term ‘sloth fever’ is a colloquial name that has emerged due to the virus being found in areas where sloths, which are known to carry a range of parasites and pathogens, are present,” Goncalves noted.

However, she emphasized that the name is somewhat misleading, as the virus is spread by insect bites, not through direct contact with sloths.

Rising Cases in the United States

While the Oropouche virus has been primarily confined to South America, recent reports indicate a troubling rise in cases in the United States, particularly in Florida.

Over the past year, there have been significantly more cases reported outside of the Amazon basin, including 20 travel-related cases in Florida alone—nine of which were reported just last week.

The total number of confirmed cases this year has surged to over 8,000 as of August 1, compared to 832 confirmed cases in 2023.

Florida’s cases have raised concerns among health officials, especially since the virus has been linked to severe health outcomes.

In Brazil, two deaths and five cases of transmission associated with fetal death or birth defects have been reported, highlighting the potential dangers of the virus.

Related Article: Plymouth, Massachusetts Closes Parks at Night Amid High Risk of Deadly Mosquito-Borne Disease

Symptoms and Risks of Sloth Fever

Approximately 60% of those infected with the Oropouche virus will experience symptoms, which can include:

• Fever
• Sensitivity to light
• Dizziness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Severe headache
• Joint and muscle pain
• Chills
• Skin rash

In more severe cases, individuals may suffer from serious symptoms such as:

• Severe abdominal pain
• Hemorrhagic symptoms
• Meningitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord)

While most symptoms last less than a week, they can recur days or even weeks later.

Although rare, severe symptoms can lead to death, making it critical for those infected to seek medical attention promptly.

Prevention and Recommendations

Currently, there are no specific treatments or vaccines available for the Oropouche virus. The CDC advises that the best defense against the virus is to prevent bites from midges and mosquitoes.

This can be achieved through the use of insect repellent, installing or repairing window and door screens, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito activity.

The CDC has also issued a health advisory specifically for pregnant individuals, recommending that they avoid nonessential travel to areas with reported infections, including Cuba and Brazil.

This is due to the potential risk of transmission from mother to fetus during pregnancy, which could lead to severe health complications.

Staying Safe Amid Rising Concerns About Sloth Fever

As the Oropouche virus, or “sloth fever,” spreads to the United States, it is essential for the public to remain informed and take necessary precautions to avoid infection.

With the rising number of cases in Florida and the potential for severe health outcomes, particularly for pregnant individuals, vigilance is key.

Preventing insect bites and staying updated on travel advisories can help protect you and your loved ones from this emerging threat.